Checklists for assessing military emissions mitigation strategies and reporting
Easy to use checklists that allow users to judge the likely effectiveness or military climate mitigation strategies and the quality of emissions reporting.
In spite of growing awareness among militaries of the need to reduce the environmental impact of their operations, whether domestically, during peacekeeping operations or during wartime, the environmental bootprint of military operations remains considerable. Of particular concern are greenhouse gas emissions, the legacy issues associated with military installations, as well as the exemptions from environmental oversight that militaries often enjoy. Read the military and the environment briefing.
Publications
Report: EU military greening policies: A review of transparency and implementation
Report mapping out EU military environmental policies and “greening” initiatives, including the extent to which environmental performance reporting is made publicly available. The review also draws on direct feedback from EU defence ministries on their environmental policies, as well as from other stakeholders with an interest in military environmental policy.
Report: Estimating the military’s global greenhouse gas emissions
In this joint study with Scientists for Global Responsibility, we provide updated estimates for global and regional military GHG emissions, finding that the total military carbon footprint is approximately 5.5% of global emissions.
Report: A framework for military greenhouse gas emissions reporting
This paper examines the need for military greenhouse gas emissions reporting, its functions and components, and sets out an initial framework for the military sources that emissions reporting should cover, including those associated with armed conflicts.
Report: Environmental CSR reporting by the arms industry
In this report, Leonie Nimmo and Hana Manjusak examine the environmental Corporate Social Responsibility reporting of some of the world’s biggest arms companies, and discover that it may be far more useful than you might think.
Governments: commit to meaningful military emissions cuts at COP26
There are signs that some countries may pledge to reduce military greenhouse gas emissions at COP26 in November. This call sets out the scope of what these pledges should include and is open for signature by organisations before and during the COP.
Report: Under the radar: The carbon footprint of the EU’s military sectors
This CEOBS/SGR study set out to estimate the carbon footprint of the EU’s military sectors. The report also provides a broad overview of the policies and measures currently being pursued to reduce military GHG emissions in the EU, and their likely effectiveness.
Report: The United Kingdom’s practice on the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts
In this report we analyse the UK’s practice on the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts, using the draft principles on the topic that have been developed by the UN’s International Law Commission.
Topic brief: Military and the environment
A brief introduction to the relationship between military activities and environmental harm, with suggested further reading.
Pollution Politics: power, accountability and toxic remnants of war
Pollution Politics examines how the weakness of current international humanitarian law allows the generation of conflict pollution that can impact both civilian health and the environment for long after the cessation of hostilities. The report defines toxic remnants of war, explores how they are created and argues that a new mechanism is needed to prevent and remedy environmental damage, to increase accountability and improve post-conflict response and assistance.
Blogs
Military climate action has never been more urgent, here’s why
Ellie Kinney explores why ramping up military spending while military decarbonisation is in its infancy risks locking in carbon-intensive military equipment for decades, why spiralling military spending is placing climate action and our collective security at risk, and what needs to happen next.
PFAS ‘forever chemicals’ are in munitions, and other military applications too
Pressure to ban PFAS ‘forever chemicals’ over their toxicity and environmental persistence is growing but their military applications beyond firefighting foams have received limited attention. Linsey Cottrell explores their broader military uses, and why regulators shouldn’t let militaries keep using them.
Ticking boxes: are military climate mitigation strategies fit for purpose?
Militaries are increasingly publishing climate mitigation strategies, so we’ve developed checklists to evaluate them. In this post Linsey Cottrell introduces the checklists, and also compares military decarbonisation with another challenging sector: healthcare.
Lessons from the first Military Emissions Gap Conference
CEOBS’ Military Emissions Campaigner Ellie Kinney reflects on the first Military Emissions Gap conference, which brought together academia, civil society and military representatives to discuss military and conflict greenhouse gas emissions.
Have EU military “greening” policies had any effect?
In this blog, Linsey Cottrell summarises the key findings from our report into the state of “greening” policies across EU militaries.
The COP where we began talking about conflict emissions
Ellie Kinney landed at COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh on a mission to advocate for better reporting of military greenhouse gas emissions, here’s what she found.
NATO won’t say how it will count its carbon emissions
It looks like NATO has pledged to reduce its institutional emissions but won’t publish the methodology it will use to count them. Doug Weir argues that this lack of transparency underscores the importance of military emissions instead being addressed by the UNFCCC.
UK sea-dumped munition policy falling behind that of the EU
In this post, Rowan Smith and Linsey Cottrell explore the risks that sea-dumped munitions pose in British waters, and find that UK management policy is falling behind that of Europe.
Tracking military greenhouse gas emissions in war and peace
What sources of greenhouse gas emissions should militaries be tracking and reporting on? Ellie Kinney introduces our new report, which examines military emissions in both peacetime and during conflicts.
Why militaries shouldn’t be exempt from EU battery laws
The electrification of military vehicles will increase demand for batteries, yet forthcoming EU battery legislation contains a blanket military exemption. Piotr Barczak and Linsey Cottrell explain why the exemption challenges military greening claims.
The military’s contribution to climate change
With interest growing in reducing military emissions, Linsey Cottrell and Eoghan Darbyshire explore why they emit so much and what it will take to reduce their contribution to climate change.
Did NATO members just pledge to reduce their military GHG emissions?
Doug Weir untangles what it actually was that NATO and its member states committed to at June’s summit. While there were some positive signs, the pledges fell short of what is needed to address military contributions to the climate crisis, in line with the Paris Agreement.
External content
NCWES | Sustainable peace and security in a changing climate
116 recommendations developed by a civil society collaboration to improve NATO’s environmental performance and policies.
SGR | The environmental impacts of the UK military sector
Report detailing the environmental footprint of UK military activities and operations, the UK arms industry and the potential environmental impact of the use of the UK’s nuclear weapons.
NDC | Scoping NATO’s environmental security agenda
Policy brief by NATO’s Defence College on its developing environmental security agenda, which covers conflict risks, reducing harm in operations, how climate change will alter operations and impact bases, and on what role NATO should play in addressing and responding to these issues.
NATO | Environmental protection: NATO policies and national views
NATO and its member states are reacting to growing international pressure to reduce the environmental consequences of conflicts, this compilation of articles provides examples of this response.
SIPRI | Climate change, peacebuilding and sustaining peace
Policy brief which shows that eight of the 10 countries hosting the largest multilateral peace operations in 2018 were located in areas highly exposed to climate change, yet international efforts to build and maintain peace are not yet taking these emerging challenges systematically into account.
Costs of War Project | Pentagon fuel use, Climate Change, and the costs of war
A paper examining US military fuel use for the post 9-11 wars, which finds that the Department of Defense emits more CO2 than many countries with advanced economies.
IPI | The Environmental Impact of UN Peace Operations
This report looks at the environmental impact of peace operations and how the UN has responded, including through policies and guidelines, dedicated staff, and training material. In particular, it assesses the challenges the Department of Field Support faces in implementing its Environment Strategy.
New Security Beat | Climate Change Will Further Complicate the Politics of U.S. Military Bases
The military has been quicker than some to grasp the problems that climate change might cause, but until recently, this hadn’t looked closer to home, and at their many installations around the world.
Pro Publica | Bombs in our backyard: investigating one of America’s greatest polluters
This series from Pro Publica sought to map toxic military sites on the continental US, investigated specific contaminants such as RDX and documented the environmental risks from practises such as outsourcing military clean-ups.
UN Environment | Perspectives: Conflict pollution and the toxic remnants of war
With 2017’s UN Environment Assembly focusing on the theme of pollution, UN Environment’s Civil Society Unit invited the TRW Project to contribute an extended article on conflict pollution to its long-running Perspectives series.
EDA | The impact of REACH and CLP European chemical regulations on the defence sector
EU chemicals legislation intended to protect human health and the environment is having an impact on military procurement within the EU and beyond. This report outlines the concerns of the European Defence Association over these regulations.
Waleij et al | Environmental stewardship in peace operations: The role of the military
Discussion on the environemntal dimensions of military peace-keeping operations. This chapter first appeared in Governance, Natural Resources, and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding.
IUCN | Winning the Environment: The ecosystem approach and its value for military operations
This report, which is aimed at militaries, summarises the twelve principles of the Ecosystem Approach into four steps of a Rapid Ecological Assessment for the areas that armed forces are deployed to.
US DoD | Environmental Considerations in Military Operations
Revised and reissued US Army doctrinal manual on environmental protection in operations, taking into account forces health protection, the sustainability of operations and host nation relations.
US, Finland, Sweden | Environmental Toolbox for Deploying Forces
Part of a long-term project between the US, Sweden and Finland to develop and promote common environmental standards for deployed militaries.
European Conference of Defence and the Environment | Presentations
The proceedings from European Conference of Defence and the Environment cover a range of environmental issues associated with military preparedness and training, as well as the management of legacy issues on defence estates.
UNEP | Greening the Blue Helmets: Environment, Natural Resources and UN Peacekeeping Operations
This report shows that peacekeeping operations not only have important natural resource implications, as well as significant impacts on the environment, but also that natural resources are often a fundamental aspect of conflict resolution, livelihoods and confidence-building at the local level.
RAND | Green Warriors – Army Environmental Considerations for Contingency Operations from Planning Through Post-Conflict
RAND’s research showed that environmental concerns can have far-reaching and significant impacts on the US Army, both direct and indirect, especially in terms of cost, current operations, soldier health, diplomatic relations, reconstruction activities, and the ultimate success of the operation or the broader mission. Some evidence suggests that environmental problems may have even contributed to insurgency in Iraq.
US, Finland, Sweden | Environmental guidebook for military operations
This guidebook gives operational planners the necessary tools to incorporate environmental considerations throughout the life cycle of the operation. Failure to integrate environmental considerations into operational- and tactical-level planning increases the risk to the health and safety of military personnel and civilian non-combatants.